Price Of Palm Oil In Malaysia Economics Essay

Price Of Palm Oil In Malaysia Economics Essay INTRODUCTION The most commercial product that contributed to our national income is palm oil product. Nowadays, palm oil is the one of the major oils and fats that is produced and traded in the world where Malaysia is the second largest exporter to produce the palm oil in this world in terms of production and export and this sector contributes more than 30% of the total income to our country. But in 2003, Malaysia become largest producer and Indonesia is a second largest. Because of many land in Indonesia opened to plant the palm oil and exceed the hectares of plantation in Malaysia, Indonesia become the largest producer in the world follow by Malaysia. It is all because of the tremendous increase in production and export volume of palm oil to fulfill the world demand of palm oil. The success story of the Malaysian Palm oil industry was due to the synergistic effort of the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and the industry in carrying out RD and marketing activities. These non-stop efforts have led to higher production and exports, making palm oil always readily available in the world market. But oil palm also facing challenges in enhancing productivity, increasing workflow efficiency and maximizing profits. As the second leader in the palm oil industry, it is worthwhile monitoring the development of its crude palm oil (CPO) production and price. But the prices of palm oil not pegged by the government, it always fluctuated every time year depending on the economic condition. There are many uses of palm oil in our daily life, such as edible oil and soap. Nowadays, the value of palm oil has been increasing quickly because of the decreasing the import tariffs for palm oil and the land for palm oil plantation also increased to expand their business to produce more product of palm oil. Other than that, the Malaysian palm oil also face some effective competitive strength. There are many factor that influence the price of palm oil such as hectares of land, supply of palm oil, export of palm oil, and consumption of palm oil. But before make this research, we must obtain data from other resources to examine the model to test it with econometric model. This study will provide data for 29 years annually in terms of prices of palm oil its production, export and its consumption. Econometric model were developed to analysis the relationship between this prices of palm oil and its economic variable whether the relationship is significant or not. This economic variable test one by one to check the relationship. This study will determine by ordinary least square method to test the independent variable. LITERATURE REVIEW The previous study have been made to understand the impact of palm oil based-biodiesel demand on palm oil prices (Ramli; Roslan and Ayatollah, K 2007). Nowadays biodiesel has become an important fuel to our society. It is because of the growing concern for the environment. Demand for the biodiesel has become higher, and that effect to the volume of palm oil available in the market that putting its prices increased sharply since July 2006. That days, the prices of palm oil influenced by the stock, supply, production. From July 2006 onwards, biofuel become a serious fuel of his renewable production. Biodiesel mainly from palm has increased the demand and altered the economics of palm oil. This study using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). This method have been proven to forecast the palm oil prices from July 2006 to end 2007. Supporting to this journal, the prices of petroleum and vegetable oil down to be moving slowly together. (Anna Awad, Fatimah, 2009). This previous studies have been made to find the long term relationship the prices of crude oil and vegetable oil. They using the Engle-Granger two-stage to do the method. This study use data over the period from January 1983 to March 2008. The two products show the result of the strong evidence of a long relationship. Began in the 1970s until 21 century, the price for all commodities increased between January 2000 and March 2008. The increased of the prices caused by the increased petroleum price more than 300%, while food prices increased 107% during the same period and vegetables oil increased of 192%. Besides that,(Mohd Nasir, 2003) said that Malaysia is the largest producer and Indonesia is the second largest producer. This two country is the exporter where they contribute 89.6% of palm oil trade in the world and 83.5 % of production. They also export crude palm oil (CPO) and other than that processed palm oil (PPO). The Malaysia exporting quantities of CPO increased from 0.4 million tones to 1.3 million tones in 2000 and 2001, followed by exports of Indonesian CPO increased from 1.8 to 2.0 million tones. Both country also contributed PPO which is the larger share of palm products. CPO and PPO in Malaysian were lower than Indonesia in 2001 and 2002. Both countries products imposed by the tariffs with the objectives initially raising revenue. For example, in Malaysia is to encouraging down stream while for Indonesia it reflected to consumer down. Both country have been imposed taxes on export, and there is a difference way the exports duty payable. (Ahmad Borhan and Mohd Arif, 2009) said that the prices of palm oil and it comprises crude palm oil and processed palm oil is a strong indicator of the level of palm oil stock. The stock of palm oil has been hovered around 1 million tones. With this amount, the volume has become the psychological which prices tend to be bullish and bearish, respectively. The end of stock fully depends on the export of palm oil and its production. While local consumption and import play minor roles. The Malaysian palm oil industry has estimated that 1.8 million tones could become the new level of palm oil stock. But it all based on change in the supply and demand factors. (James, 2008) said that the prices of crude palm oil (CPO) has a strong relationship with stock according to the conventional economics. The economics of oils and fats had changed in the last two years, that cause both prices and rising in tandem according to traditional economic theory. Because of created the new role played by biodiesel, the strong signs of a linkages also created. The palm oil prices should take into one account of two factors, the petroleum price and the amount of oil stocks. The price band can determines by prices of petroleum. While the stocks can show high or low palm oil prices. Malaysias economic development has indeed been impressive by the contribution of the palm oil industry. (Sabri, Salmiah,Faizah and Nik Abdullah, 2008). It also changing the market trends and rapid development and has continued to pose challenge. The development of oil and fats industry are provides and has undergone in terms of world balance. In the previous journal, (Mohd Basri, Mohd Arif, and Jamil, 2008) said that in the past, there have been spikes in the palm oil prices, especially to the demand and supply imbalance of oils and fats. But since mid 2006, spikes have become more sustained. Besides that, spikes also been attributed to the supply and demand of edible oils and fats and also to the increasing demand for the fuel. Because of the increased of palm oil, the demand curve shifted to the right. The prices of oils have been increased slightly. (Ayat K Faizah, Ramli Abdullah and Nurul Hufaidah, 2007) study on how to examines volatility spill over. The study focus on between the domestic prices of palm oil and what major factor to the prices volatility. From the research, palm oil has moderate price volatility. And effort should be made to sustained the price of crude palm oil (CPO) to minimize volatility in other prices caused of the prices of (CPO) become a price leader among the other palm oil products. There was a model to developed to forecast prices of palm oil products in domestic. (Ramli and Mohd Alias, 2006). Malaysia also known the worlds biggest exporter of the palm oil and associated with palm oil. Because of the largest exporter the world, it become important for the country to lead the commoditys production and its price and can be used to determine the country revenue or in process of decision making. The objective of this paper is to analyses them econometrically and to forecast. The paper forecast that in the future, the production of palm oil can increased. By 2020, the production of palm oil can reach 22 million tones. Prices of palm oil also can fluctuated but in the future, its amount of prices increasing gradually. (Basri; Mohd Fauzi; Mohd Noor Mamat and Rosli, 2007) analyses the impact of lifting the export tax on Malaysian crude palm oil. Firstly, the equation is developed, especially on processed palm oil (PPO) and crude palm oil(CPO). The study comes out with the conceptual model of the Malaysian palm oil market model, such as the palm oil supply, oil palm area, imports and exports of palm oil products, domestic consumption, domestic price relationship and stocks IntermediationConceptual Framework. Independent variable Dependent var. Factor/supporting Price of palm oil Relationship Production (supply) Export Consumption Land area (Hectares) Mediating Independent variable There are 4 factor that influences the price of palm oil. There are production (supply), export, consumption and land area in hectares. This independent variable also can support the price of palm oil. Production can influences the prices of palm oil by the supply in the market, the more supply in the market, the more it can influences the prices of palm oil. It mean that, if the supply exceed the demand of the market, many unit of production are waste because of the demand not equal to the unit of production in the market. So to increase the demand in the market, firm can reduces prices of the production in order to attract the demand of the market. Low prices of the production can increased the demand of the production in the market. Export also can influences the prices of palm oil in the market by having a export more than import in the market can make a country deficit in terms of profit. Same like production, but export trade in other country and make a international business in order to gain profit. If have much demand in palm oil from other country, it means that, we should export more to achieved the demand from other country. From this situation, our country can take advantages to increase the prices of palm oil respectively. Consumption also can influences the prices of palm oil. It depends on how the consumer fully utilized the use of palm oil. If the consumer already knew the use of the palm oil, easy to them to know how important the palm oil in our society. Because of that, the consumer will ask for the palm oil and directly increased the demand for palm oil. Other than that, land area of plantation also can influences the prices of palm oil. If we plant more trees of palm oil in land, we are producing more palm oil in the market. If the supply of the palm oil in the market exceed than demand, than many surplus to that product. So to overcome this problem, firm must reduced the prices of palm oil to attract consumer to buy the palm oil. But it is good to the firm if the demand more than supply, then the firm can increased the price of palm oil in order to gain profit. Dependent variable The price of palm oil is depend to this four factor, this four factor can influences the prices of palm oil whether wants to increased or decreased. DATA METHODOLOGY LEAST SQUARE METHOD (SINGLE REGRESSION) and (MULTIPLE REGRESSION) The framework developed in this study is drawn both from econometric method (which is based on the economic theory) and the system dynamics approach. This section discusses the econometric model using least square method. Its to correlate and examine the relationships among dependent variable and independent variable. It is a economic theory form with statistical methods. Factor determinants of prices of palm oil in Ringgit Malaysia (RM). consists of 4 factor that influence the price of palm oil, there are production (supply), export in tones, consumption of palm oil and land area of plantation of palm oil in hectares. The first step is finding time series data from 1980 to 2009, which influence the price of palm oil to make a research and then describe it according to the econometric model. To regress the econometric model we must use the data which influence the prices of palm oil. So this 4 factor is the important data to make a research. After regress, we can identified relationship between dependent and independent variables. These 4 factor also known as independent variable and price of palm oil also known as dependent variable which price of palm oil depend on this 4 independent variable whether to increase or decrease. The prices of palm always fluctuate depend on this 4 independent variable. To test this independent variable had a relationship between price or not, the econometric model by using least square method use to test one by one of this independent variable whether this independent variable has a relationship between dependent variable. After test this econometric model, we look to the T-statistics, R-squared, Durbin-Watson stat. if t-stat are less than 2, this means that there is no relationship between independent variable and dependent variable and also known as is not significant. If more than 2, there is a relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. After test one by one, we should regress all dependent variable using multiple regress because of explanatory variable is more than one to check whether all independent variable significant or not. 4. MODEL LISTING AND FINDING Least square method-POPt=+bX Between dependent variable and independent variable Variable C Std-error T-stat R-Squared DW-stat Prob PROD 483.2153 1.51E05 -3.55 0.310563 0.264663 0.0014 EXP 626.5528 0.000104 -2.42 0.173625 0.311140 0.0220 CONS 435.8310 01.73E-05 -3.64 0.321860 0.254297 0.0011 L.AREA 97.77170 1.86E-05 7.67 0.678609 0.571303 0.0000 Analysis of data: Used e-view to regress and estimation using Ordinary least square based on dependent variable and independent variables from the data collected. PPOt=price of palm oil in the market PROD=production of palm oil(supply) EXP=export of palm oil to the world demand (tones) CONS=consumption of palm oil in this market L.AREA=landarea of palm oil plantation in Malaysia (hectares) Result of regression between POPt and PROD Dependent variable: POPt and Independent variable: PROD POPt=483.2153-5.37E-05t t-statistic=-3.55.ignore sign negative, accept Ho, because there is a relationship between price and production because t-statistic shows that it is significant and above 2. So production can influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared =0.310563 Explanation. 31.05% of the changes in the dependent variables can be explained by the independent variables. 68.95% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables. Std-error=1.51E05 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=0.264663 Explanation. There is a problem in auto-correlation because DW show value less than 2. Probability=0.0014 Explanation. The variable is significant at 0.05 (5%) significant level or 95% confidence level. If the probability is less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. Result of regression between POPt and EXP Dependent variable: POPt and Independent variable: EXP POPt=626.5528-0.000252t t-statistic=-2.42. ignore sign negative, also accept Ho, because there also a relationship between price and export because t-statistic shows that it is significant and above 2. So export also can influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared=0.173625 Explanation. 17.36% of the changes in the dependent variables can be explained by the independent variables. 82.64% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables. Std-error=0.000104 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=0.311140 Explanation. There also have a problem in auto correlation because DW show value less than 2. Probability=0.0220 Explanation. The variable is significant at 0.05 (5%) significant level or 95% confidence level. If the probability less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship among dependent variable and independent variable. Result of regression between POPt and CONS Dependent variable: POPt and Independent variable: CONS POPt=435.8310-6.31E-05t t-statistic=-3.64. ignore sign negative. accept Ho, because there is a relationship between price and export because t-statistic shows that it is no significant and above 2. So consumption can influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared=0.321860 Explanation. 32.18% of the changes in the dependent variables can be explained by the independent variables. 67.82% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables. Std-error=01.73E-05 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=0.254297 Explanation. There is a problem in auto correlation because DW show value less than 2. Probability=0.0011 Explanation. This variable also significant 0.05 (5%) significant level 95% confidence level. If probability less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship among dependent variable and independent variable. Result of regression between POPt and LANDAREA Dependent variable: POPt and independent variable: L.AREA POPt=97.77170+0.000143t t-statistic=7.67. accept Ho, because there is a relationship between prices and landarea because t-statistic shows that it is significant and above 2. So landarea can influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared=0.678609 Explanation. 67.86% of the changes in the dependent variables can be explained by the independent variables. 32.14% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables Std-error=1.86E-05 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=0.571303 Explanation. Also have a problem in auto correlation because DW show value less than 2 Probability=0.0000 Explanation. The variable is significant at 0.05 (5%) significant level or 95% confidence level. If the probability less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. Multiple Regression Test using first difference Dependent variable=POPt Coefficient Probability Dlnpdc -2.234175 0.0724 Dlnland 0.417220 0.1939 Dlnexp 1.778560 0.0036 Dlncnsptn 0.794493 0.1748 C -0.041683 0.4468 R-squared=0.520161 Durbin Watson=1.511417 Dlnprice=-0.041683+0.794493+1.778560+0.417220-2.234175 We using the first difference method because we want to make the data significant. Before regress the data using first difference, we must log all the data to make the probability below than 0.005, in order to make the data significant. After regress, we found that only probability for Dlnexp less than 0.005. Mean that only dlnexp significant and other independent variable not significant because over than 0.005. Other independent variable not significant because of multicollinearity and autocorrelation problem. Multicollinearity defined that, there is no linear relationships among the explanatory variables. Autocorrelation can be defined as correlation between members of observations ordered in time (as in time series data) CONCLUSION AND RESULT Malaysian is the second producer in the world who produce palm oil. These production can improved our country economy by exporting the palm oil market to other country because our country contribute 89.6 of palm oil trade in the world. Palm oil have many used in our daily life, used of palm oil influence the demand of palm oil in market. More demand of palm oil in market, more increased the price of palm oil per tones. After finished doing this proposal, there are 4 factor that determinant the price of palm oil in Malaysian palm oil market. This 4 factor are production of palm oil, export of palm oil, consumption of palm oil and hectares of plantation of palm oil. This 4 factor test one by one to check whether there is a relationship between this factor to the price. To test it, we use least square method in econometrics. And this all four factor can influence the price of palm oil because t-statistic more than 2. Multiple regression also has been test, and only one independent variable was significant and other independent variable not significant.

2nd Midterm Sample Exam

Sample Term Test 2A 1. A variable X has a distribution which is described by the density curve shown below: What proportion of values of X fall between 1 and 6? (A) 0. 550 (B) 0. 575 (C) 0. 600 (D) 0. 625 (E) 0. 650 2. Which of the following statements about a normal distribution is true? (A) The value of  µ must always be positive. (B) The value of ? must always be positive. (C) The shape of a normal distribution depends on the value of  µ. (D) The possible values of a standard normal variable range from ? 3. 49 to 3. 49. (E) The area under a normal curve depends on the value of ?. 3.The values in parentheses are the probabilities of each team winning their respective game. Game Game Game Game Game 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: Finland (0. 43) USA (0. 28) Japan (0. 11) Denmark (0. 33) France (0. 18) vs. vs. vs. vs. vs. Germany (0. 57) Switzerland (0. 72) Canada (0. 89) Sweden (0. 67) Scotland (0. 82) 20. The outcome of interest is the set of winners of the ? ve games. How many outcomes are con tained in the sample space? (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 25 (D) 32 (E) 64 21. In a sports game, the â€Å"favourite† is the team with the higher probability of winning and the â€Å"underdog† is the team who is less likely to win.What is the probability that at least one underdog wins? (A) 0. 93 (B) 0. 74 (C) 0. 80 (D) 0. 67 (E) 0. 59 22. A recently married couple plans to have two children. The outcome of interest is the gender of each of the two children. Consider the event that exactly one of the couple’s children will be a boy. Which of the following is the complement of this event? (A) two boys (B) two girls (C) one girl (D) at least one girl (E) zero or two girls 23. A manufacturer of automobile batteries claims that the distribution of battery lifetimes has a mean of 54 months and a variance of 36 months squared.Suppose a consumer group decides to check the claim by purchasing a sample of 50 of these batteries and subjecting them to tests to determine their lifetime. Assuming the manufacturer’s claim is true, what is the probability that the sample has a mean lifetime less than 52 months? (A) 0. 1292 (B) 0. 3707 (C) 0. 0091 (D) 0. 4909 (E) 0. 3483 24. A recycling plant compresses aluminum cans into bales. The weights of the bales are known to follow a normal distribution with standard deviation eight pounds. In a random sample of 64 bales, what is the probability that the sample mean di? ers from the population mean by no more than one pound? A) 0. 3413 (B) 0. 4772 (C) 0. 6826 (D) 0. 9544 (E) 0. 1587 25. The monthly mortgage payment for recent home buyers in Winnipeg has a mean of $732, and a standard deviation of $421. A random sample of 125 recent home buyers is selected. The approximate probability that their average monthly mortgage payment will be more than $782 is: (A) 0. 9082 (B) 0. 4522 (C) 0. 4082 (D) 0. 0478 (E) 0. 0918 26. Weights of pears in an orchard follow a normal distribution with mean 195 grams and standard deviation 40 grams.A random sample of ? ve pears is selected. What is the probability that the total weight of the pears is greater than one kilogram (i. . , 1,000 grams)? (A) 0. 2795 (B) 0. 3897 (C) 0. 2451 (D) 0. 3264 (E) 0. 4129 27. The fact that the sample mean does not tend to over- or underestimate the population mean makes the sample mean: (A) resistant. (B) unbiased. (C) e? cient. (D) a statistic. (E) a parameter. 28. A random variable X follows a uniform distribution with mean 3 and standard deviation 1. 73. We take a random sample of size 100 from this distribution and calculate the sample mean X. The sampling distribution of X is: (A) approximately normal with mean 3 and standard deviation 0. 173. B) uniform with mean 3 and standard deviation 1. 73. (C) approximately normal with mean 3 and standard deviation 0. 0173. (D) uniform with mean 3 and standard deviation 0. 173. (E) approximately normal with mean 3 and standard deviation 1. 73. 29. The sampling distribution of a statistic is : (A) the density function of the population from which the sample was selected. (B) the distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population. (C) the distribution of the population from which the sample is drawn. D) approximately normally distributed if the sample is large enough, regardless of the shape of the population from which the sample is drawn.(E) all of the above. 30. Which of the following variables has a binomial distribution? (I) You repeatedly roll a fair die. X = number of rolls needed to observe the number 6 for the third time. (II) Tim Hortons is holding its annual â€Å"Roll Up the Rim to Win† promotion. Customers can check under the rim of a co? ee cup to see if they have won a prize. You buy one cup of co? ee from Tim Hortons each day for a week. X = number of times you win a prize during the week. III) A quality control inspector in a factory routinely examines samples of ? ber-optic cable being produced to check for defects. The inspector examines a 100-foot length of cable. X = number of defects found on the cable. (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III 31. There are four patients on the neo-natal ward of a local hospital who are monitored by two sta? members. Suppose the probability (at any one time) of a patient requiring attention by a sta? member is 0. 3. Assuming the patients behave independently, what is the probability at any one time that there will not be su? cient sta? o attend to all patients who need them? (A) 0. 0756 (B) 0. 1104 (C) 0. 0837 (D) 0. 0463 (E) 0. 2646 The next two questions (32 and 33) refer to the following: According to the Canadian Blood Services website, 9% of Canadians have type B blood. 32. If a sample of 8 donors is selected, what is the probability that less than two of them will have type B blood? (A) 0. 8424 (B) 0. 9711 (C) 0. 3721 (D) 0. 4703 (E) 0. 1576 33. Suppose we select a random sample of 175 blood donors and calculate the proportion p ? of individuals with type B blood. The standard deviation of p is: ? (A) 0. 0216 (B) 0. 0358 (C) 0. 0417 (D) 0. 0598 (E) 0. 0647The next two questions (34 and 35) refer to the following: It is known that 53% of students at a large university are female and 47% are male. 34. If we take a random sample of 12 students at the university, what is the probability that exactly seven of them are female? (A) 0. 1734 (B) 0. 1834 (C) 0. 1934 (D) 0. 2034 (E) 0. 2134 35. If we take a random sample of 200 students at the university, what is the approximate probability that less than half of them are male? (A) 0. 7291 (B) 0. 8023 (C) 0. 7852 (D) 0. 8508 (E) 0. 7517 Sample Term Test 2B 1. A random variable X is described by the density curve shown below: The probability of P (3 ?X ? 6) is equal to: (A) 0. 55 (B) 0. 45 (C) 0. 375 (D) 0. 40 (E) 0. 60 2. A random variable X follows a uniform distribution on the interval from 10 to 15. What proportion of values of X are greater than 13. 2? (A) 0. 18 (B) 0. 88 (C) 0. 36 (D) 0. 12 (E) 0. 28 3. Which of the following statements about a normal distribution is true? (A) The mean of a normal distribution must always be greater than zero. (B) For a standard normal distribution, P (Z < z) = P (Z > ? z) for any value z. (C) The height of a normal density curve must always be equal to one. (D) All values must fall within three standard deviations of the mean. E) The standard deviation of a normal distribution must always be greater than one. 4. A variable X follows a normal distribution with mean 10 and standard deviation 5. Another variable Y follows a normal distribution with mean 25 and standard deviation the 10. The maximum height of the density curve for X is (i) maximum height for the density curve for Y, and the area under the density curve for X is (ii) the area under the density curve for Y. (A) (i) greater than, (ii) less than (B) (i) less than, (ii) greater than (C) (i) equa l to, (ii) equal to (D) (i) greater than, (ii) equal to (E) (i) less than, (ii) less than 5.Weights of apples grown in an orchard are known to follow a normal distribution with mean 160 grams. It is known that approximately 99. 7% of apples have weights between 124 and 196 grams. What is the standard deviation of weights of all apples grown in the orchard? (A) 9 grams (B) 12 grams (C) 18 grams (D) 24 grams (E) 36 grams 6. A variable Z has a standard normal distribution. What is the value b such that P (b ? Z ? 0. 36) = 0. 2470? (A) ? 1. 22 (B) ? 0. 68 (C) ? 0. 27 (D) ? 0. 39 (E) ? 0. 55 The next two questions (7 to 8) refer to the following: Percentage grades in a large geography class follow a normal distribution with mean 67. and standard deviation 12. 5. 7. What proportion of students in the class receive percentage grades between 60 and 70? (A) 0. 2650 (B) 0. 2750 (C) 0. 2850 (D) 0. 2950 (E) 0. 3050 8. The professor decides to assign a grade of A+ to the students with the top 8% of the grades, and a grade of A to the next best 12%. What is the minimum percentage a student needs to earn a grade of A? (A) 77 (B) 78 (C) 79 (D) 80 (E) 81 9. The contents of bottles of water follow a normal distribution with mean  µ and standard deviation 4 ml. What proportion of bottles have ? ll volumes within 1 ml of the mean? (A) 0. 1974 (B) 0. 987 (C) 0. 6826 (D) 0. 4013 (E) unable to calculate without the value of  µ 10. A candy company manufactures hard candies in ? ve di? erent ? avours, according to the following probability distribution, where k is some constant: Cherry Root Beer Flavour Probability 0. 21 k Strawberry Orange Peppermint 0. 27 k 0. 14 If you select a candy at random, what is the probability that it will be fruit-? avoured? (A) 0. 48 (B) 0. 67 (C) 0. 68 (D) 0. 72 (E) 0. 86 11. Event A has probability of 0. 4 to occur and Event B has a probability of 0. 5 to occur. Their union (A or B) has a probability of 0. 7 to occur.Then: (A) A and B are mutually e xclusive. (B) A and B are not mutually exclusive. (C) A and B are independent. (D) A and B are dependent. (E) both (B) and (C). 12. You have two unfair coins. On any given ? ip, the ? rst coin has a 40% chance of landing on Heads and the second coin has a 25% chance of landing on Heads. If you ? ip both coins, what is the probability that at least one of them lands on Heads? (A) 0. 10 (B) 0. 45 (C) 0. 55 (D) 0. 65 (E) 0. 90 13. A fair six-sided die will be rolled. De? ne A to be the event that an even number is rolled and de? ne B to be the event that a prime number is rolled.Which of the following events is the intersection of A and B? (A) {2} (B) {2, 3, 5} (C) {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (D) {3, 5} (E) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 14. Suppose it is known that 61% of Winnipeg adults read the Winnipeg Free Press, 29% read the Winnipeg Sun and 18% read both newspapers. What is the probability that a randomly selected adult in Winnipeg reads only one of the two papers (but not both)? Hint: Draw a Venn diag ram. (A) 0. 54 (B) 0. 50 (C) 0. 45 (D) 0. 72 (E) 0. 47 The next two questions (15 and 16) refer to the following: A hockey players compiles the following facts: †¢ Her team wins (W) 60% of their games. She scores a goal (G) in 30% of her games. †¢ She gets a penalty (P) in 40% of her games. †¢ In 38% of her games, her team wins and she scores a goal. †¢ In 24% of her games, her team wins and she gets a penalty. †¢ in 15% of her games, she scores a goal and gets a penalty. 15. In any given game, what is the probability that the player scores a goal or gets a penalty? (A) 0. 85 (B) 0. 55 (C) 0. 70 (D) 0. 65 (E) 0. 58 16. Which of the following statements is true? (A) W and G are independent. (B) G and P are mutually exclusive (disjoint). (C) W and P are independent. (D) W and G are mutually exclusive (disjoint). (E) G and P are independent. 7. Weights of oranges sold at a supermarket follow a normal distribution with mean 0. 22 pounds and standard deviation 0. 04 pounds. If you randomly select four oranges, what is the probability that their total weight is less than 1 pound? (A) 0. 9719 (B) 0. 8508 (C) 0. 9332 (D) 0. 7967 (E) 0. 8340 The next two questions (18 and 19) refer to the following: The time X taken by a cashier in a grocery store express lane follows a normal distribution with mean 90 seconds and standard deviation 20 seconds. 18. What is the ? rst quartile (Q1) of the distribution of X? (A) 73. 8 seconds (B) 85. 0 seconds (C) 69. 4 seconds (D) 81. seconds (E) 76. 6 seconds 19. What is the probability that the average service time for the next three customers is between 80 and 100 seconds? (Assume the next three customers can be considered a simple random sample. ) (A) 0. 6156 (B) 0. 4893 (C) 0. 7212 (D) 0. 5559 (E) impossible to calculate with the information given The next two questions (20 and 21) refer to the following: The amount X spent (in $) by customers in the grocery store express lane follow some right-skewed distri bution with mean $24 and standard deviation $15. 20. What is the probability that the average amount spent by the next three customers is more than $20? Assume the next three customers can be considered a simple random sample. ) (A) 0. 4619 (B) 0. 6772 (C) 0. 8186 (D) 0. 7673 (E) impossible to calculate with the information given 21. What is the probability that the next 40 customers spend less than $1,000 in total? (Assume the next 40 customers can be considered a simple random sample). (A) 0. 5199 (B) 0. 6064 (C) 0. 6628 (D) 0. 5784 (E) 0. 6331 22.The distribution of weights of chocolate bars produced by a certain machine is normal with mean 253 grams and standard deviation 3 grams. A sample of ? ve of these chocolate bars is selected. There is only a 2. % chance that the average weight of the sample will be below: (A) 250. 37 grams. (B) 254. 10 grams. (C) 252. 63 grams. (D) 251. 54 grams. (E) 249. 82 grams. The next two questions (23 and 24) refer to the following: A bimodal prob ability distribution is one with two distinct peaks. A random variable X follows a bimodal distribution with mean 15 and standard deviation 4, as shown below: 23. Suppose that you take a random sample of 10,000 observations from the population above and make a histogram. You expect the histogram to be: (A) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 004. (B) bimodal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 04. (C) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 04. (D) bimodal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 4. (E) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 4. 24. Suppose that you take 10,000 random samples of 10,000 observations from the population above and that for each sample, the mean x is calculated. A histogram of resulting x’s ? ? would be:(A) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 0004. B) bimodal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 04. (C) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 0. 04. (D) bimodal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 4. (E) approximately normal with mean close to 15 and standard deviation close to 4. 25. The Central Limit Theorem states that: ? (A) when n gets large, the standard deviation of the sample mean X gets closer and v closer to ? / n. (B) regardless of the population distribution of a random variable X, when n gets large, ? the sampling distribution of X is approximately normal. C) if a random variable X follows a normal distribution, then when n gets large, the ? sampling distribution of X is exactly normal. ? (D) when n gets large, the sample mean X gets closer and closer to the population mean  µ. ? (E) when n gets large, the sample mean X becomes an unbiased estimator of the population mean  µ. 26. Which of the following variables has a binomial distribution? (A) You roll ? ve fair dice, each with face values of 1 through 6. X = total number of dots facing up on the ? ve dice. (B) An airplane carrying 100 passengers has two emergency exits, one at the front of the plane and one at the back.The airplane makes an emergency landing. X = number of people who leave the plane through the front exit. (C) A paper boy delivers the newspaper to every house on your block. X = number of houses that get their newspaper on time tomorrow morning. (D) You repeatedly ? ip two quarters simultaneously until both quarters land on Heads. X = number of ? ips required for both quarters to land on Heads. (E) A student randomly guesses the answer to each of the 40 multiple choice questions on this exam. X = number of multiple choice questions the student gets correct. 27. The probability that a certain machine will produce a defective item is 1/4.If a random sample of six items is taken from the output of this machine, what is the probability that there will be at least ? ve defectives in the sample? (A) 1 4096 (B) 3 4096 (C) 4 4096 (D) 18 4096 (E) 19 4096 28. Event A occurs with probability 0. 12. Event B occurs with probability 0. 88. If A and B are mutually exclusive (disjoint) events, then (A) P(A and B) = 0. 11 (B) P(A and B) = 0. 00 (C) P(A or B) = 1. 00 (D) P(A or B) = 0. 11 (E) both (B) and (C) are correct 29. A random variable X follows a binomial distribution with parameters n and p. If the mean and the variance of X are 3. 6 and 2. 2 respectively, then the values of the parameters n and p are, respectively: (A) 6 and 0. 6. (B) 18 and 0. 2. (C) 24 and 0. 15. (D) 12 and 0. 3. (E) 12 and 0. 4. 30. A student driving to university must pass through seven sets of tra? c lights. Suppose it is known that each set of tra? c lights are red 35% of the time and that all lights function independently. What is the probability that the student will have to stop at two or more sets of lights on her to university? (A) 0. 6828 (B) 0. 2985 (C) 0. 4893 (D) 0. 7662 (E) 0. 5997 The next three questions (31 and 33) refer to the following: We have a small deck of ten cards.Five of the cards are red, three are blue and two are green. We randomly select four cards from the deck with replacement. That is, after we select a card and record the colour, we put the card back in the deck and thoroughly shu? e them before we select another card. 31. Let X be the number of blue cards that are selected. The distribution of X is: (A) binomial with parameters n = 4 and p = 0. 1. (B) binomial with parameters n = 10 and p = 0. 3. (C) binomial with parameters n = 10 and p = 0. 4. (D) binomial with parameters n = 4 and p = 0. 3. (E) normal with parameters  µ = 1. 2 and ? = 0. 92. 32. Let A be the event that the ? st selected card is the only red card in our four selections. Which of the following events is mutually exclusive (disjoint) from the event A? (A) Second card selected is blue. (B) No green cards are selected. (C) Third selected card is the on ly green. (D) Same number of red and blue cards are selected. (E) Same number of blue and green cards are selected. 33. What is the probability that the ? rst two selected cards are the same colour? (A) 0. 38 (B) 0. 25 (C) 0. 29 (D) 0. 33 (E) 0. 41 The next two questions (34 and 35) refer to the following: Suppose it is known that 8% of males are colour blind. 4. In a random sample of 20 males, what is the probability that exactly 3 of them are colour blind? (A) 0. 1212 (B) 0. 1313 (C) 0. 1414 (D) 0. 1515 (E) 0. 1616 35. In a random sample of 500 males, what is the approximate probability that at least 10% of them are colour blind? (A) 0. 03 (B) 0. 04 (C) 0. 05 (D) 0. 06 (E) 0. 07 Answers Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Term Test 2A A B A A B B B A B E A E C E B D C B D D C E C C E B B A D B C A A E B Term Test 2B A C B D B C E B A B E C A A B C C E A E C A D C B E E E D D D E A C C

A Brief Look at Terrence Vincent Powderly - 1461 Words

Terence Vincent Powderly was born to Irish immigrants in Carbondale, Pennsylvania on January 22, 1849. Powderly spent his childhood growing up in Pennsylvania and attending school until he began working for the Delaware and Hudson Railroad at the early age of 13, his educational career then ended. A few short years later, at the age of 17, Powderly become a machinist and pursued that line of work for eleven years. In 1871 Powderly joined the Machinists’ and Blacksmith’s Union and a year later was appointed the organization’s president. A few years later in 1874 Powderly joined another secretive organization named the Knights of Labor. He quickly progressed into a leadership role as Corresponding Secretary. In February of 1878 Powderly was elected for his first of three terms as Mayor of Scranton. A few months later, in 1879, he was elected the union’s highest leadership position, Grand Master Workman, until 1883 when he was titled General Master Wo rkman of the Knights of Labor. During his time as serving on leadership with the Knights of Labor, Powderly helped to increase the organization’s membership from around 80,000 members to 700,000 members in one year. During his role as General Master Workman, he made a drastic impact on the â€Å"power of labor in the United States†2 by his passion for the working class and the union. Powderly was a pro-labor activist whom supported six, eight-hour workdays a week that resulted in just pay. He believed that Sunday should be

The Economic Development Of China - 1130 Words

Introduction: In 1991, when Prime Minister Narasimha Rao agreed to take a loan from the International Monetary Fund to stave off a financial crisis we witnessed the low-point of the Indian economy. At that time, the country had dwindling foreign exchange reserves and was months away from defaulting on its debts. As part of the I.M.F. package, the government passed reforms such as devaluing the rupee, encouraging private sector competition, and deregulating the economy after 40 years of central planning. By opting for market-oriented reforms in 1991, India’s GDP has grown at a rate of 6.6% annually over the past 20 years. As a rapidly emerging economy and a member of the BRICS, we must continue to push our strategy of export led†¦show more content†¦Foreign trade can expedite the growth of an economy through the promotion of exports and development of national industries. As exports grow, India will be able to amass foreign exchange reserves to avoid currency and debt crises simil ar to those that struck India in 1991. Implementation and benefits: India is a country that is abundant in labor. Export-led industrialization can harness this enormous workforce and help to eradicate poverty. Furthermore, the government should subsidize nascent industries that have the potential to become major exporters. †¢ We must modernize the legal code, for us to have less stringent labor laws, which have limited labor force participation and slowed industrialization. Streamline the process of starting a business by reducing the bureaucracy and make laws more transparent to encourage private investment. †¢ Attract foreign direct investment to India for export-led industrialization to further India’s growth by making it easier to open, run, and grow a business. Providing a gateway for multinational companies to enter India will draw foreign capital into the country rather than scare off multinational firms with a difficult and burdensome regulatory environment. †¢ Encourage domestic companies to partner with multinational firms we can acquire foreign technology and knowledge, which will help boost the efficiency of our industries. †¢ Change our trade policies to reduce tariffs,

The Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco...

The Government of India (GOI) proposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe Carmel, an animated camel, from all its advertisements, after the California Supreme Court (USA) ruled that the company could be prosecuted for exploiting minors. The accusation was that the slick, colourful advertisements (using an animated camel) appealed to the children and encouraged them to smoke. The impact of cigarette advertising on consumers was another contentious issue. A World Bank report published the details of a comprehensive study of over 100 countries, comparing the consumption trends over time in those countries where relatively complete bans on advertising and promotion were and where were no such bans. In the countries with nearly complete bans, the downward trend in consumption was much steeper. In 1992, the Department of Health (DOH), UK reviewed various forms of evidence to assess whether tobacco advertising affected the aggregate demand for tobacco products. Four countries (Norway, Finland, Canada and New Zealand) were chosen, as these countries had already imposed anShow MoreRelatedThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising947 Words   |  4 Pages1. The Government of India (GOI) proposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already i mposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe CarmelRead MoreBan Banning Tobacco Companies From Advertising Their Products And Sponsoring Sports And Cultural Events867 Words   |  4 Pageswith the ban on tobacco, but this apparently didn’t work out, so , now they are trying to make face to this problem by increasing taxes. On Feb 6, 2001 Government of India (GOI) dropped a bombshell on the tobacco Industry when it announced that it would shortly table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective of such a ban was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the Government with powers

Market Revolution Free Essays

The worldwide presence of the United States of America in terms of a gigantic political and economic power, as we see it today, is a result of the creative and relentless efforts of many political geniuses. After the War of Independence, the country was thrown in a state of depression and the late 17th century era marked a period of instability. The country had war debt of millions of dollars, negative speculation for foreign investment was inevitable, the army was negligible, the navy fleet was almost non-existent, relationship with England had severed and the Congress was unable to impose taxes until a proper law and order system was in place. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Heavy adjustments to the political and economic regulations were required to drive the country out of the financial crisis. It were only through the relentless vision and efforts of Alexander Hamilton, the First Secretary of Treasury and Thomas Jefferson, the First Secretary of State, that a new political and economic ideal for the country was created and later, a stage was set for   full scale development of the American society and economic growth to all parts of the world. Similar article: Rise of Political Parties in the 1790s In a revolutionary era marked by political battles and public discord, these symbolic figures provided different, yet talismanic views of the power of government and enterprise in shaping the political and economic orders of the country that has enabled the rulers of the future to legitimatize their decisions for sustainable development. 2. THE FEDERALIST APPROACH: ALEXANDER HAMILTON Hamilton believed that the revival of the economy and subsequent growth depended on the creation of a strong central government that was increasingly proactive in the affairs of the country. He believed that a central, energetic government will not only be able to supersede the powers of the individual states in order to provide national stability but also provide a common framework for effective development and unionization of the big country. He denied the notion of self-interest, which he believed was prevalent in the political structure and destructive for the nation. His philosophy of centralizing the national economy was a product of his political stance. Hamilton believed that a structure of public credit facilities, immediate repayment of foreign debts and responsibility of states war debts, establishment of a new bank and protection of young industries were essential to promote business and develop competitive industries. Public credit facilities were to be financed through issuing government securities like bonds which can be used to settle the domestic debt and extended towards the industrial and manufacturing sector. The government should take over the responsibility of the debt incurred by the individual states during the war since the war was fought for the independence of the entire nation and â€Å"A national debt attaches many citizens to the government who, by their numbers, wealth, and influence, contribute more perhaps to its preservation than a body of soldiers† (Finseth). A banking structure with diversified branches will help the national government to carry out its basic functions like collecting taxes, financing debt and issue payments, issuing currency and generating income through interest on loans. A structure of no-tax for interstate commerce and protective tariff on imports will protect and promote national competition and young firms. Through his notion of a strong economic plan for a mechanized society, Thomas Hamilton gained support of a number of Congressmen and formed a Federalist Party in 1792. 3. THE REPUBLICAN APPROACH: THOMAS JEFFERSON In contrast to Hamilton’s view of an orderly mercantile economy, Thomas Jefferson advocated an agrarian economy, based on individual rights and a limited, decentralized government. He feared that the system proposed by his counterpart threatened the majority of the population who were agrarian laborers and resembled the British economic system. This would result in an emergence of tyranny against such a centralized rule. Jefferson compounded on a weak government structure because he believed that a proper government will not only restrict the liberty of individuals but also limit itself from creating individualism. He emphasized this concept in one of his political writings: â€Å"rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others. I do not add ‘within the limits of the law’, because law is often but the tyrant’s will, and always so when it violates the rights of the individual† (Appleby). Thomas Jefferson reject Hamilton’s proposal of setting up a national bank, fearing that such a bank would serve the rich at the expense of the poor people and emphasize federal powers over state powers. In response to the Federalist movement, Jefferson formed the Republican Party in 1792 along with James Madison to oppose the policies of the Federalists. 4.THE MARKET AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The influences set forth by the two politicians shaped the constitution of the country and paved way for a rapid development of the economy from 1815 to 1860. In 1792, the king of France was overthrown and a republic was established. France attempted to extend its powers throughout Europe and Britain was trying to curtail it. This resulted in Napoleonic Wars, of which the United States was a major victim in terms of foreign relations. The victory of the Republican Party in 1800 resulted in the nomination of Thomas Jefferson as the third President of the United States. This event marked the first significant change in American politics. After the War of 1812, Jefferson realized that his vision of an agricultural market economy was incompetent with the competition in global markets. This led to the adoption of a policy of expansion and competition for power in the global economy. The Industrial revolution had begun in the 1700s in Europe and was marked by new inventions and efficient methods of production. This revolution spread to the United States and local inventors came up with unique ideas to mechanize the agriculture sector and spur new industries. Cotton gin was a notable invention which revolutionized the cotton industry by creating new industries, promoting inter-commerce relations between the West and the East and exports. Manufacturing of shoes, woolen clothing and machinery were also expanding. By 1860, almost a third of the country’s income came from the manufacturing sector. The concept of agrarian labor was transformed to that of a wage worker who was paid to run the automated machines in the factories. Most of the urbanized industries were located in the South, whereas the agricultural sector was primarily located in the South. Government provided social capital in the form of national roads, waterways and railroads. These initiatives enabled the nation to establish a firm base for rapid industrialization that followed. Financial industry diffused with new scheme through which some investors made wealth and others lost their savings. Protective tariffs were imposed to sustain the growing industries and bank branches were set up in every city. Rapid development also attracted a great deal of domestic and foreign investment. 5. CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSFORMATION The market and Industrial revolution had several consequences, including religion and reform, for the American Society in the eighteenth century. In the north, Evangelicalism or individual holiness, emerged in the new republic and was the â€Å"grand absorbing theme of American religious life† (Religion and the American Republic 7). Progressive and conservative religious forces often differed in terms of religious opinions with the former advocating a mass dedication to the materialism of the market society. Reformism, as a result was an opposing view to that of the individual revivals. Nevertheless, the underlying belief was that â€Å"religion was a necessary spring† for the government to operate efficiently and people believed in â€Å"a close association between Religion and Patriotism† (Religion and the American Republic 7). Societies and communities sprang up with a clear objective of devotion towards the removal of social evil and re-enlightenment of the individual soul as a result of the energy created from the evangelical movement. The six largest societies created during 1826-1827 were the American Education Society, the American Board of Foreign Missions, the American Bible Society, the American Sunday-School Union, the American Tract Society, and the American Home Missionary Society (Religion and the American Republic 7). WORKS CITED: 1.   United States History, The Formation of a National Government, Retrieved on Mar 10, 2006 from: http://countrystudies.us/united-states/ 2. Finseth, Ian. The Rise and fall of Alexander Hamilton, Retrieved on Mar 10, 2006 from: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/ham/hamilton.html 3. Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, Retrieved on Mar 10, 2006 from: How to cite Market Revolution, Essay examples Market Revolution Free Essays The Market Revolution AP U. S. History The impact of the Market Revolution was the dawn of new markets in land, labor and produce. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now It ultimately changed American society and reflected a turn away from agrarian ideals through various changes in business, transportation, and society. Overall, the Market Revolution impacted the nation through different regions; the northeast became industrial, while the south relied on farming. The Northeast was booming in industrial growth from the Market Revolution. With the new textile mills, there were many jobs and the economy was on the rise. However, two of the biggest ways the Northeast was able to improve was with its improvements on transportation and various innovations. For example, in 1825 the Eerie Canal was created by Dewitt Clinton and set the stage for faster and easier transportation for goods and people. Also, with New York growing into one of the nation’s largest cities, there were various railroad networks that linked major cities. Lastly, the Northeast region was also improving with the creation of companies. For example, in 1813 Francis Cabot Lowell created the Boston Manufacturing company created the first large scale manufacturing cities in the United States of America (Lowell, Massachusetts). With this company, Lowell was also able to create 6,000 jobs by 1836. Because of these important improvements, the Market Revolution industrialized the Northeast and definitely set it apart in comparison to the Southwest region. While the Northeast was improving vastly on industrialization, the South was concentrated on their growth of farming. Even though, the South lagged in the growth of industrialization and urbanization, they had just as fast growth in their economy. It was Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin that made slaves last longer and the production of cotton much faster. For example, cotton growth went from around 75,000 bales in 1800 to over 2 million bales in 1850 with the improvements on producing cotton. Because of the faster production of cotton, the South was able to export to Europe and the Northeast for an advantageous profit. Even though the South obviously had most of their growth due to cotton, they were still able to improve technologically wise. They did have factories and large ports and harbors. For example, the Mississippi transportation helped businesses export across the country with the advances of the steamboat. Thus, having a similar growth in transportation in comparison to the north. From 1815-1860, the Market Revolution was able to have growth in both the Northeast and the South regions and even though they had many differences, the regions were brought together with their booming economies. The large improvements in farming and industrialization were able to shape America into a powerful and wealthy country. How to cite Market Revolution, Essay examples

The Boston Bombing free essay sample

Mr. Charles Benjamin Boston Marathon Bombing The world is constantly changing and evolving. Have you ever wondered if it was possible to stop the impossible and if you had a choice what would you choose? Well the ability to do right from wrong or make a decision that harms or offends anyone is seen throughout an individual’s manifestation of societal feeling. The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon held in the Greater Boston area in Eastern Massachusetts. This event brings out challenging runners which attracts huge crowds to cheer them on, while raising monies for charities. This event is held in a city-wide area, which may have been why it was an attractive target for terrorists. No one was ready for the tragic event that took place on April 15, 2013, where two brothers Dzhokhar and Tamerlane Tsarneav bought yet another tragedy upon the community when bombs were set off during the Boston Marathon. We will write a custom essay sample on The Boston Bombing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first bombing exploded outside Marathon Sports. Seconds later a second bomb went off near the finish line on Boylston Street near Copley Square killing three, Krystle Marie Campbell, 29, a restaurant manager from Medford, Massachusetts, Lu Lingzi 23, Chinese national and Boston University graduate from Shenyang, Liaoning and Martin William Richard, an eight-year-old boy from the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, and left hundreds of others injured. One of bombs used in the attacks was made in form of a six liter pressure cooker that was placed in a nylon bag with a detonated on a timer instead of a remote. Other explosive devices were made of nails, metal, and BBs. As the evidence grows against Dzhokhar so does the list of individuals involved. Friends, family, officers, authorities, and others who encountered the suspects that had nothing to do with the bombing and were just as shocked by it as everyone else. The best way to describe the security situation about the Boston Bombers is that they slip through the cracks. Even though that is general and weak and vague way of explaining the lapse in security about the two brothers it’s the only way that the law enforcement experts are explaining it. Even though, the Russian secret service gave our Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) some information about the two brothers, for some reason that did not go far enough. The intelligence agencies that were involved seemed to still after all those laws passed after the September 11, attacks. Another reason it seems for the lapse of cohesive agency cooperation is that it is now reported that Tamerlane Tsarnaev was put on a security watch list and later removed and the investigation was closed even though he traveled to Chechnya and was not on the United States radar. The pros and cons will always be weighed when it about security and privacy, there is a fine line. We as a country have a moral responsibility to the victims of any terrorist attack to find them justices and it’s also a legal right. The best part about this country is that you have a lot of freedom form the government that a lot of other countries do not have, the detriment of this country is that some people that are born here in this country and abroad uses these freedoms as an opening to do harm to the American population. For example the brother that survived is Dzhokar is a citizen of this country, which makes his legal rights just as strong as any American in this country, even though a lot of people are calling for his rights to be taken away; he has his rights protected by the constitution. The security overall in this country has done a very good job to protect the citizens of this country it is a very daunting task. The cons of this vast land is that we have a free society with a lot of immigrants moving in and out of the country that in itself is very to control and keep a safe process for all that are involved. The pros of this vast land is that we all communicate with each other, a lot and that will help us to help the government thwart these individuals who are trying to do harm. The best way to attack this problem is to first learn how to cope with the pressures of the new world. The other issue is that we must innovative we must attack the problem with different answers and new technology so that we can make easier to track people with checkered past and find out if they are a threat. We must also take initiative and while we take initiative we must strategize, we must have plans that are flexible to adjust to because this is a free society and they will need to be informed and included. Finally we must apply all the expertise that we can because learning patterns and understanding why certain individuals do what they do is very important not only to law enforcement, but for us as a society as a whole. The bombings proved that anyone with the will power to hurt the general public can actually manifest those ideas into action. The Tsarneav Brothers are a perfect example of what is the most pressing issue facing our judicial system today when it comes to prosecuting someone who has committed a Terrorist act. The problems seems to be that as the Government is gathering information when something as terrible as a terrorist act happens the gathering of information becomes paramount in that same instances the government has the right to treat the suspect or suspects as a United States citizen if they are a citizen or as a military enemy combatants. The treatment of homegrown terrorist suspects once they are captured has been debated by a lot of lawyers and scholars and constitutionalists. The Boston Bombing suspects are a perfect example where you have the brothers one is a resident alien in the United States and the other is an actual United States citizen they are both in different categories as far as rights in the United States. The topic of terrorists whom we need to give their full constitutional rights is something that is a moral dilemma to some but indefensible to others. The dilemma stems from the moral dilemma that should the government go to all lengths to extract information from someone to save others that are in danger, even it is not proven that torture works on terrorists most argue that we should do any and everything to protect the general public. The other side of the problem is that these people are Unites States citizens and the have some unalienable rights because of the constitution. The dilemma that we face is how to protect the nation and protect the rights that has been given to United States since the inception of this country. Terrorism has shaken our beliefs to the core we have to believe in our justice system to process and prosecute these individuals, even though they seem to not deserve the respect and dignity of due process. As was stated in the beginning, the world is constantly changing and evolving, with that said we as the land of free home of the brave must be the country that can do the impossible. We as a country should be able to uphold our constitutional rights as a nation and protect all of our citizens. REFERENCES Hosenball, M. (2013). Boston bomb suspects name was on classified government watch list. Retrieved from http://www. google. com TIDE fact sheet. (2008). Retrieved from http://www. google. com http://usnews. nbcnews. com http://newyork. cbslocal. com